Dropbox stuck on "Starting..." on Windows Server 2016

We have a Dropbox installed on a Windows Server 2016. In every accounts, when starting it, a popup displays "Your computer is currently offline. Please check your network settings". When putting the mouse cursor over the icon in the icon area, it displays "Connecting...". And when clicking on it, it's displayed "Starting...". Even after hours, Dropbox never completes its startup.

 

Dropbox was uninstalled/reinstalled, I manually cleaned it following another help page. I installed full stable versions from ~v150 to the beta v200, same error. The network works fine, I can open dropbox.com in the browser and log in. I tried to install Dropbox on another VM with Windows 7 running on the same WMware host, it worked immediately. I really tried everything following the many pages on the subject that I found,  but nothing worked.

 

We have another Windows Server 2016 with multiple users with Drobox installed and didn't have those issues on it. I'd like to know if there is a way to trace what Dropbox sees (does it see the network at all?) or the path that it tries to follows, where it's blocked. I tested and dropbox.com ports and 443 connects normally by making a test with telnet from the host.

 

The present version installed is now the stable version Dropbox 198.4.7615 Offline Installer.x64.exe.

 

Any help would be appreciated.